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      "headline": "The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn",
      "body": "The ʻokina represents a glottal stop and functions as a letter in Hawaiian orthography. Unicode identifies the appropriate character as U+02BB, MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA.\n\nWhy should the code matter if the glyph looks similar?\n\nIn its HI Fonts workflow, the glyph used for an ʻokina could occupy the character position associated elsewhere with ÿ. The screen could show an ʻokina while the underlying file carried a different character identity.\n\nImagine searching a collection for every place name containing an ʻokina.\n\nUnicode classifies U+02BB as a modifier letter, not ordinary punctuation.\n\nHale Kuamoʻo—the Hawaiian language center at the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo—reports that it began experimenting with Unicode on its Kualono site in 1998.\n\n Does the machine have a stable identity for every letter and mark?\n\n Can the system draw those characters correctly and legibly?\n\n Can a speaker type them without unreasonable friction?\n\n Can search, sorting, spellcheck, line breaking, and databases treat the text appropriately?\n\n Will schools, government agencies, publishers, maps, and platforms use and preserve the correct forms?\n\nUnicode defines normalization forms so canonically equivalent sequences can be compared consistently.\n\nIn 2020, the University of Hawaiʻi reported that Donaghy created a Hawaiian keyboard extension for Chrome OS that Google released at no cost through the Chrome Store.\n\nBut its own listing says the apostrophe key produces U+2018, a left single quotation mark, for the ʻokina—not U+02BB, the modifier letter identified by Unicode for Hawaiian. Direct Chromebook testing is still required before describing the extension’s actual behavior beyond its published instructions.",
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      "post": "The correct ʻokina is U+02BB: MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA.\n\nThe kahakō adds another layer: a vowel with a macron can have more than one valid Unicode sequence.\n\nBefore reliable Unicode support, custom fonts could make Hawaiian text look correct while storing something else underneath.\n\nHale Kuamoʻo reports experimenting with Unicode for Hawaiian web text beginning in 1998.\n\nWas the system built to recognize Hawaiian on Hawaiian terms?\n\nSave the five-layer audit before your next website, form, database, or AI project.",
      "firstComment": "Technical anchor: Unicode’s current Core Specification explicitly identifies U+02BB as the character used for the Hawaiian ʻokina. Hale Kuamoʻo’s public guidance records its Unicode experimentation beginning in 1998. The article does not claim that encoding “saved” Hawaiian; it treats computing support as one enabling layer in community-led language work.\n\nRead: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06"
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      "caption": "The ʻokina represents a glottal stop and functions as a letter in Hawaiian orthography.\n\nSwipe through the ten-part visual story, then read the complete evidence record.\n\nhttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06\n\n#marks #computer #learn #okina #represents"
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      "post": "The ʻokina represents a glottal stop and functions as a letter in Hawaiian orthography.\n\nRead the evidence-backed story: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06"
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      "onscreen": "What changes when Hawaiʻi is put back into the technology story?"
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      "title": "The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn",
      "description": "The ʻokina represents a glottal stop and functions as a letter in Hawaiian orthography.\n\nReview the article draft, Source Desk, credits, and carousel: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
      "pinnedComment": "Sources and review materials: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06"
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      "post": "The ʻokina represents a glottal stop and functions as a letter in Hawaiian orthography.\n\nThis edition includes the complete article, media credits, a ten-slide carousel, and Source Desk. https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06"
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      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://www.olelo.hawaii.edu/en/enehana/unicode\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
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      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://www2.hawaii.edu/~donaghy/haw/csq.html\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
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        "glottal",
        "functions",
        "letter"
      ],
      "hook": "Source 11 behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”",
      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/hawaiian-keyboard-vowel/kpmbiaoalnejdhgafppjlkopaccfgohd\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
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    {
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      "keywords": [
        "marks",
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        "glottal",
        "functions",
        "letter"
      ],
      "hook": "Source 12 behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”",
      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://www.hawaii.edu/offices/communications/standards/hawaiian-language-considerations/\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
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      "keywords": [
        "marks",
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        "learn",
        "ʻokina",
        "represents",
        "glottal",
        "functions",
        "letter"
      ],
      "hook": "Source 13 behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”",
      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/Archives-Old/UML012/0385.html\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
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    {
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      "asset": "https://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2002-m09/0007.html",
      "audience": "Readers, researchers, educators, journalists, and people who want to inspect the evidence.",
      "keywords": [
        "marks",
        "computer",
        "learn",
        "ʻokina",
        "represents",
        "glottal",
        "functions",
        "letter"
      ],
      "hook": "Source 14 behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”",
      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2002-m09/0007.html\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
      "recommendedPlatforms": [
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        "Threads",
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        "Bluesky"
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    },
    {
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      "audience": "Readers, researchers, educators, journalists, and people who want to inspect the evidence.",
      "keywords": [
        "marks",
        "computer",
        "learn",
        "ʻokina",
        "represents",
        "glottal",
        "functions",
        "letter"
      ],
      "hook": "Source 15 behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”",
      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-71/tr35.html\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
      "recommendedPlatforms": [
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    },
    {
      "type": "source",
      "asset": "https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/",
      "audience": "Readers, researchers, educators, journalists, and people who want to inspect the evidence.",
      "keywords": [
        "marks",
        "computer",
        "learn",
        "ʻokina",
        "represents",
        "glottal",
        "functions",
        "letter"
      ],
      "hook": "Source 16 behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”",
      "post": "Want to inspect the evidence behind “The Two Marks Your Computer Had to Learn”? Start with this source, then use the complete Source Desk to see how it supports—and limits—the story. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/\n\nEdition: https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06",
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      "asset": "https://www.unicode.org/charts/index.html",
      "audience": "Readers, educators, researchers, journalists, technologists, and Hawaiʻi-connected communities.",
      "keywords": [
        "marks",
        "computer",
        "learn",
        "technical",
        "standard",
        "hawaiʻi",
        "technology",
        "history"
      ],
      "hook": "Two small marks forced computing systems to confront a large question: whose language counts as data?",
      "post": "Two small marks forced computing systems to confront a large question: whose language counts as data?\n\nThe authoritative character charts let readers inspect the encoded marks directly.\n\nhttps://www.unicode.org/charts/index.html\n\nhttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06#resources",
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        "Threads",
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        "TikTok",
        "YouTube",
        "Facebook",
        "Bluesky"
      ],
      "platformPackage": "/resource-kits/C14-06-1.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "interactive tool",
      "asset": "https://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06#interactive",
      "audience": "Readers, educators, researchers, journalists, technologists, and Hawaiʻi-connected communities.",
      "keywords": [
        "marks",
        "computer",
        "learn",
        "site-owned",
        "interactive",
        "hawaiʻi",
        "technology",
        "history"
      ],
      "hook": "Try this: Inspect the marks in a Hawaiian word.",
      "post": "Try this: Inspect the marks in a Hawaiian word.\n\nCompare the ʻokina and kahakō as characters—not decoration.\n\nhttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.apphttps://hawaii-tech-week-project-record.vercel.app/stories/c14-06#interactive",
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        "LinkedIn",
        "Instagram",
        "Threads",
        "X",
        "TikTok",
        "YouTube",
        "Facebook",
        "Bluesky"
      ],
      "platformPackage": "/resource-kits/C14-06-interactive.json"
    }
  ],
  "editorialReview": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "reviewedAt": "2026-08-29T03:50:11.997Z",
    "checks": [
      "absolute canonical URL",
      "nine platform variants",
      "clear evidence-led hook",
      "archive context preserved",
      "no AI-generated image claim",
      "platform character limits for X and Bluesky"
    ]
  },
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      "caption": "Hawaiian text rendered with the ʻokina as a distinct Unicode character.",
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        },
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}