Hawaiʻi Once Ran on a Half-Hour the Continent Forgot
Tech From Here: Hawaiʻi, by RN Collins

Alt text, credits and the words on each frame (10 of 22 frames).

Frame 1 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-01.jpg
Alt text: The clock on the tower of Aliʻiōlani Hale, Honolulu, in a 1966 survey photograph, with the Hawaiian motto lettered above the dial. The story names the building as home to one of the city’s public clocks.
Credit: Photo: Jack E. Boucher, HABS/NPS
Words on the frame: Hawaiʻi Once Ran on a Half-Hour the Continent Forgot / How longitude, law, war, communications and software built the time displayed on Hawaiʻi’s clocks.
Source page: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TOP_STAGE_OF_TOWER,_SHOWING_CLOCK_-_Aliiolani_Hale,_463_King_Street,_Honolulu,_Honolulu_County,_HI_HABS_HI,2-HONLU,3-7.tif

Frame 2 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-02.jpg
Alt text: Illustrative photo: the USS California docking at Honolulu Harbor beside Aloha Tower on May 15, 1928, with the tower's clock faces at the left. Honolulu kept the half-hour standard from 1896 to 1947, apart from the war years, so this is a public clock of that era; it does not show the offset and is not a phone.
Credit: Photo: National Park Service
Words on the frame: Hawaiʻi once had a time zone your phone probably cannot show you today. / For more than fifty years, Hawaiʻi occupied a temporal position that would look strange on most American phones today: the equivalent of UTC−10:30.
Source page: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_USS_California_docking_at_Honolulu_Harbor_by_Aloha_Tower,_May_15,_1928._(67d42b6b-1dd8-b71b-0bcd-ead33ae83b48).jpg

Frame 3 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-03.jpg
Alt text: The top of the front page of the Hawaiian Gazette, Honolulu, semi-weekly, Friday January 10, 1896: the issue that printed the Department of the Interior's standard-time notice on page 5. The scan shows the newspaper as an object; the notice itself is not on this part of the page.
Credit: Source: Hawaiian Gazette, Jan 10, 1896
Words on the frame: Standard time began in 1896 under the Republic of Hawaiʻi. / At noon on Monday, January 13, 1896, all public timepieces under the Interior Department’s control were to be set to Hawaiian Standard Time.
Source page: https://archive.org/details/honolulu-hawaiian-gazette-1896-01-10

Frame 4 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-04a.jpg
Alt text: United States Marines and sailors from the USS Boston landing at Honolulu on January 17, 1893, drawn up in ranks on a wharf, in a Hawaiʻi State Archives print. They are the troops from a warship that the sentence says backed the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani.
Credit: Source: Hawaiʻi State Archives
Words on the frame: In January 1893, a group of American and European businessmen and planters, / backed by United States troops who landed from a United States warship, deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani and set up a Provisional Government.
Source page: https://digitalarchives.hawaii.gov/browse/parent/ark:70111/1zTn

Frame 5 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-04b.jpg
Alt text: President Clinton signing Public Law 103-150, the joint resolution of November 23, 1993, at his desk in the Oval Office, with several people standing behind him. It is the signing of the law the sentence names.
Credit: Photo: White House, NARA
Words on the frame: In 1993 a joint resolution of Congress (Public Law 103-150) apologized to Native Hawaiians / for the overthrow, which it said took place with the participation of agents and citizens of the United States. Its preamble calls it the illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy.
Source page: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Signing_Public_Law_103-150_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House_in_Washington,_D.C._-_DPLA_-_d894e2ef7e8ac2b0082f7dcf4955c37e.jpg

Frame 6 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-05.jpg
Alt text: The Republic of Hawaiʻi cabinet seated around a table, in a Frank Davey photograph from the Hawaiʻi State Archives. The mount carries the signatures of five of the ministers, including J. A. King, whom the archive lists second from the left. The story says King signed the January 1896 notice.
Credit: Photo: Frank Davey (HSA)
Words on the frame: The Provisional Government declared itself the Republic of Hawaiʻi on July 4, 1894. / On January 8, 1896, the Republic’s Minister of the Interior announced Hawaiian Standard Time: ten and one-half hours behind Greenwich mean time. It was signed by J. A. King.
Source page: https://digitalarchives.hawaii.gov/browse/parent/ark:70111/1xfv

Frame 7 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-06.jpg
Alt text: The Hawaiian flag being lowered at the annexation ceremony at ʻIolani Palace on August 12, 1898, photographed by Frank Davey, in the Hawaiʻi State Archives 8 by 10 print. It marks the 1898 annexation the story names.
Credit: Photo: Frank Davey (HSA)
Words on the frame: Annexation followed in 1898, / and the Territory of Hawaiʻi was created by the Organic Act in 1900.
Source page: https://digitalarchives.hawaii.gov/browse/parent/ark:70111/1CLZ

Frame 8 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-07.jpg
Alt text: Illustrative photo: the clock panel at a Mutual Telephone Company operator position in Honolulu, 1934, with separate clocks labeled Far Eastern, Pacific, Mountain, Honolulu, Central, Eastern and Greenwich. It shows equipment that kept several standard times side by side for coordination; it is not a timetable or a telegraph line, and the operator is cropped out.
Credit: Source: Hawaiʻi State Archives
Words on the frame: A common hour is an infrastructure of coordination. / It lets a departure printed in one place correspond to an arrival in another. It makes a telegraphed observation comparable.
Source page: https://digitalarchives.hawaii.gov/browse/parent/ark:70111/1Bmx

Frame 9 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-08.jpg
Alt text: Illustrative photo: the transit telescope room at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, between 1909 and 1919, with the instrument that observed the clock stars to fix the time. It stands for the authority that sets a standard by a meridian; it is not in Hawaiʻi and not the 1896 order.
Credit: Source: Library of Congress
Words on the frame: Before agreement, a clock answers to the sun where it stands. / After agreement, it answers to an authority that has selected a meridian. Hawaiʻi’s 1896 choice used the half step between two such zones.
Source page: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_observatory_transit_telescope_which_observes_the_%22Clock_Stars%22_(...)_secure(?)_the_time(?)_LCCN2016821018.jpg

Frame 10 of 22: tfh-hi-c14-14-09.jpg
Alt text: Illustrative photo: a hand setting back the hands of a large clock at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, 1918, in a Library of Congress photograph captioned as turning back the clock, cropped to the dial. It stands for a clock change; it is not Hawaiʻi and not the 1933 acts.
Credit: Photo: Harris & Ewing, LOC
Words on the frame: In 1933, the Territorial Legislature approved daylight saving on April 26 / and repealed it on May 21, less than a month later, leaving Hawaiʻi on standard time for the rest of the decade.
Source page: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NAVAL_OBSERVATORY._C.B._WATTS_TURNING_BACK_THE_CLOCK_LCCN2016869006.jpg
